IC 555 timer as an Audio Amplifier

Abstract-Simulation of IC555 timer used as an audio amplifier is done in NgSpice.The amplifying of input electrical signal and its Pulse Width Modulation by Timer 555 is done which produces a carrier frequency suitable for modulation with input audio signal which will drive the Speaker.The input for simulation purpose is given a sine wave and resultant obtained wave is a square wave with varying width according to amplitude.This wave drives the speaker in Practical Application.

I. INTRODUCTION

In this project we are describing the principle, design and operation of a low power audio amplifier using 555timer.This 555 timer generates a carrier signal which is modulated by the amplified audio signal to produce a modulated signal. This signal is used to drive a small loudspeaker.

A. NgSpice

Simulator Software used is Ngspice.It implements three

classes of analysis-

1.Linear AC

2.Non Linear DC

3.Non Linear transient.

It supports parametric netlists.It is a code based simulator whose circuits are only described as text and not capable of drawing symbols.// Usually Notepad++ is accompanied where all codes are written and then run on ngspice.exe

B. Principle

Microphone converts input audio signal to electrical signal.This electrical signal is amplified on which Pulse width Modulation is done using IC 555.The output wave drives the speakers which are basically transducers which convert input electrical signal wave into an audio signal.

II. COMPONENTS:

A. IC 555

A standard 555 package includes-

1.A silicon chip

2. 2 Diodes

Fig. 1. Ic 555 Internal

3. 25 Transistors

The internal block diagram is shown in th figure-It consists of-

1.A voltage divider consisting of three identical resistors between Vcc and GND

2.A comparator with reference 2/3Vcc obtained by voltage divider

3.A comparator with refernce 1/3Vcc obtained by voltage divider

4.A R-S flip flop which stores state of timer

5.A discharge transistor.

1) Astable Multivibrator Overview: Earlier Capacitor is discharged thus output goes HIGH.Now Capacitor starts charging from +Vcc by a discharge transistor.It charges till it reaches +2Vcc/3 after which discharge transistor turns ON and output enter LOW state.

It will again start charging after reaching +Vcc/3 Thus acts as a free running multivibrator.HIGH state time period is governed by +Vcc/3 to +2Vcc/3 and discharge by +2Vcc/3 to +Vcc/3

Fig. 2. Ic 555

B. Operational Amplifier

Operational Amplifier commonly known as OpAmp is a linear device fundamentally used as voltage amplifier.The feedback components decide the function or operation.The circuit operates on dual power supply +Vcc and -Vee.

One input is called Non inverting(+) whereas other is called Inverting(-).The output is the difference between the two input signals applied at the terminals

III. WORKING

The operation of circuit goes through two stages:

First, amplifying of electrical signal and PWM (pulse width modulation).

In practical audio input signal is taken through microphone which converts it into electrical signal. For simulation purpose input is considered to be sinusoidal wave.We need to remove the DC component of the electrical signal thus a electrolyte capacitor is used and then fed to the TL071 opamp(low noise).

The basic modes of operation of IC 555 timer are-Monostable mode as a precision timer, Bistable mode for flip flop type switching action, and astable mode as an oscillator circuit to produce a stable output frequency adjusted by RC tank circuit.

Amplified output is fed to the control pin 5 of 555 timer IC working in astable mode. The control voltage can be varied as desired which affects the width of the output pulse.The input audio voltage is modulated with carrier generated by IC 555 which drives the loudspeaker that is conversion of complex electrical analog signal to soundwave.

IV. NGSPICE CODE

1) R-S flip Flop: * RS flip flop

.include nand.cir

.subckt rsff 1 2 3 6 7 xnand1 1 3 4 nand xnand2 2 3 5 nand xnand3 4 7 6 nand xnand4 5 6 7 nand

.ends

2) Nand Gate: *NAND Gate

.model mosn NMOS

.model mosp PMOS

.subckt nand 2 3 4

Vdd 1 0 dc 5V

M1 4 2 1 1 mosp

M2 4 3 1 1 mosp

M3 4 2 6 6 mosn

M4 6 3 0 0 mosn

.ends

Fig. 4. Audio Amplifier

3) Comparator: *comparator

.subckt comp 6 1 4 R1 1 0 10k

.model bjt npn Q1 2 1 5 bjt R2 5 3 10k

R3 2 7 910E

Q2 7 6 5 bjt

R4 6 0 10k

.model bjt1 pnp Q3 4 7 2 bjt1 R4 4 0 4K7 Vcc 2 0 dc 12V Vee 3 0 -12V

.ends

4) Amplifier: *opamp subckt

.subckt opamp 1 2 6 101 102 Rin 1 2 10Meg

E1 3 0 1 2 100k

R1 3 4 1k

C1 4 0 15u

E2 5 0 4 0 1k

R2 5 6 10

.ends

5) IC Timer: *555 timer*

.include lastattempt.cir

.include inver.cir

.include rsff.cir

.model bjt1 npn

.model bjt2 pnp

.subckt timer 12 15 13 4 6 5 8

Vcc 1 0 dc 12v

V1 14 0 dc -12v

R1 1 2 10k

R2 2 3 10k

R3 3 4 10k

Q1 4 7 0 bjt1

Q2 7 6 5 bjt2

xinver 7 8 inver

xcomp1 12 15 9 comp

xcomp2 13 3 10 comp

xrsff 9 10 4 7 11 rsff

.ends

A. Audio Amplifier

*audio amplifier*

.include timer.cir

.include lastopamp.cir

Vin 1 0 sin(0 5 1k 0 0)

C1 1 2 1u

R1 3 2 47k

R3 2 0 47k

xopamp 2 5 4 3 0 opamp

R4 4 5 22k

C2 5 6 10u

R5 6 0 1k

C3 4 7 1u

R8 7 8 1k

C4 9 0 10u

d1 9 10

R2 3 9 10k

Rl 12 0 3k

C5 11 12 10u

Vcc 3 0 dc 12v

xtimer 9 8 9 10 3 3 11 timer

.control

tran 0.05m 25m

run

set xbrushwidth=3;

plot V(1)

plot V(12)

.endc

.end